Atopic dermatitis (AD), commonly referred to as eczema, is a long-lasting inflammatory skin disorder characterized by red, itchy, and irritated skin. Although it is most frequently seen in children, it can affect people of any age. The precise cause of AD remains unknown, but it is believed to result from a combination of genetic tendencies and environmental influences. Individuals with AD often have a family history of asthma, hay fever, or other allergic conditions, suggesting a hereditary link.

The condition develops when the skin's natural barrier becomes compromised, making it easier for irritants, allergens, and microbes to penetrate. This breach triggers inflammation and discomfort. Typical symptoms include persistent itching, dryness, redness, and flaking skin. Affected areas often include the face, hands, feet, and the folds of the elbows and knees, though it can manifest anywhere on the body.

Triggers for atopic dermatitis differ between individuals, but common factors include environmental extremes, irritating skin products, allergens, and emotional stress. While AD cannot be cured, treatment focuses on relieving symptoms, minimizing flare-ups, and repairing the skin barrier. Common approaches include regular use of emollients, topical steroids, antihistamines, and, in some cases, immune-targeting medications. Long-term management involves identifying and avoiding triggers and maintaining a consistent skin care routine.