Eczema, also referred to as atopic dermatitis, is a common, long-lasting skin condition marked by inflammation, dryness, and intense itching. While it can develop at any age, it often starts in early childhood. Although the precise cause of eczema remains unclear, it is thought to be triggered by a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental influences. People with eczema generally have an overactive immune system that responds aggressively to irritants, allergens, or other stimuli, leading to flare-ups.

Symptoms typically include dry, red, and scaly skin patches that may crack, ooze, or thicken over time. These irritated areas can occur anywhere on the body but are most frequently found on the hands, inside of the elbows, behind the knees, face, and scalp. The itching associated with eczema is often intense and persistent, and scratching can make the condition worse, increasing the risk of infection.

Although eczema is not contagious, it can significantly interfere with daily life and emotional well-being. Treatment aims to control symptoms and prevent flare-ups through consistent moisturizing, avoiding known triggers, and using medications like topical corticosteroids or antihistamines. In more severe cases, phototherapy or immunosuppressive therapies may be recommended. While there is no permanent cure, effective management can help individuals maintain healthier skin and a better quality of life.